Bentonite is a naturally occurring clay primarily composed of montmorillonite, a mineral belonging to the smectite group. It has a layered structure and a high cation exchange capacity.

From a physicochemical perspective, bentonite is highly hydrophilic, has a large specific surface area, and can swell significantly when in contact with water. It is capable of absorbing large amounts of liquid and forming highly viscous gel-like suspensions even at low concentrations.

Key physical properties of bentonite include:

1. High absorption capacity – it can absorb several times its own weight in water, forming a gelatinous mass

2. Plasticity – it enhances the plasticity of ceramic mixtures, improving their workability

3. Thixotropy – bentonite suspensions become more fluid when stirred and return to a gel state when left to rest

4. Large specific surface area – due to its lamellar structure, it offers extensive surface contact

In the ceramics industry, bentonite is used to improve the plasticity of clay mixtures, aid in shaping processes, and increase the mechanical strength of unfired products.

Specifically, in tile manufacturing, bentonite helps optimize the rheological properties of ceramic slurries, contributing to better application of glazes and decorative finishes.